Golang struct default value json. RawMessage `json:"content"`.
- Golang struct default value json. Avoid strut fields to marshal if they are empty -.
- Golang struct default value json. Number `json:"amount"`. No variable has been assigned to it yet, it equals nil. In this case we attempt to unmarshal into an ordinary slice-of-string—the variable s—which works as long as the json itself is a valid initializer for slice-of-strings. 不過用了一段時間會發現,如果每次都用 zero value 來代替,我們會分不清楚到底是使用者沒有輸入值導致 zero value,還是使用者原本就輸入了 zero value?. Then you need to type-assert the result of that access to the map[string]interface{} type and then access the desired fields through the result of the type Mar 20, 2019 · 1. type Person struct {. For example, when encoding a struct as JSON, the encoder will use the tag values to determine the JSON key names to use for each field. Marshal and json. go. Similar behavior applies to JSON decoding back into structs – defaults won‘t necessarily be applied if values are missing from the JSON input. Default values when unmarshalling json in go. var structs []Data err := json. The good news is, all the default types in Go have an encoder created out-of-the-box, and you’ll usually be working with structs The json aspect of booleans is causing issues. You will either have to write your own MarshalJSON() method, or do a post check for missing fields. Jul 14, 2021 · If you're using gorm, you can use pgtype. The key-string will act as value identifier, telling the Go server what kind of value it is. Time struct literal will return Go's zero date. Aug 13, 2021 · type Foo struct { ID int64 `json:"id"` AmountOfBars string `json:"amount_of_bars" gorm:"default:amount_of_bars()"` } type RelatedBar struct { FooId int64 `json:"foo_id"` } However, I don't understand where and how to define amount_of_bars, so I'll be able to return the amount of the RelatedBar related rows. JSONB {Status: pgtype. // Unmarshal the byte data in a variable. Recursively initializes fields in a struct. Mar 4, 2016 · easyjson. dumps(thing. r. You can easily remove fields by calling the delete built-in on the map for the fields to remove. However, you can customize this behavior using JSON tags. Example: type Investment struct {. ← Previous Post. 要在 Golang 中为结构体字段分配默认值,我们可以在结构体类型声明期间定义字段的默认值。. Take care of the maps, which might be go struct and vice-versa. NewDecoder(res. This can help remove the type assertion complexities of using a map by using the type definitions on the struct ’s fields to determine which types the JSON data should be interpreted as. Aug 1, 2019 · How to specify default values when parsing JSON in Go. Aug 16, 2017 · The best you can do is use a constructor method: prop1 int. Given this method you can simply. From DB i am getting with decimal formatted value but the decimal getting lost when we are assigning the value in struct. var data ExampleStruct. Decode(&tempThing) In an effort to reduce duplication, I decided what I wanted to do was create a function which does the JSON unmarshalling, but takes in the Struct Type as a parameter. Age int. FirstName interface{} `json:"first_name"`. The application I am sending my data expect a null instead of an empty string if May 22, 2017 · So, some of that fields are saved in the database (Postgres) as JSON, so for example that fields are defined as: MyField string `sql:"type:JSON DEFAULT '{}'"`. For the sake of completeness, the official documentation explicitly states: The zero value of type Time is January 1, year 1, 00:00:00. Once you run the above code, you will get an output as shown below. html. Ofcourse in real project the fields a lot more. Oct 17, 2023 · Constructor functions are a great way to encapsulate the logic for creating a struct with default values. Jul 17, 2014 · Another possibility would be to use pointers, and use the default value nil in the same spirit than the default value I talked about, but there would still be issue if your json file could be filled with null values: you would not be able to distinguish values that were in the json file, but set as null, and values that were not in the json Aug 11, 2018 · Since you have a byte data, you need to parse it and store the result in a variable that has your json structure using json. It iterates over all the (key, value) pairs of the JSON object: log. Decode(&data) fmt. May 16, 2020 · The first approach, which should be the default in most cases is the full-fidelity struct representation. Avoid strut fields to marshal if they are empty -. Let's say the default value of a boolean is true for an api call. Then we can use the json. They provide a clear and concise way to create instances of a struct with the desired default values set. Printf("key=%s, value=%s", k, v) // for nested objects call Visit again. Response) var tempThing SomeTypeIveDefined. Apr 28, 2021 · Example marshal JSON from struct (encode) 🔗. Amount json. Unless given with a composite literal, all fields will get their zero values. M {} to receive the data, and get the field, then cast into types your want. The object's default key string is the struct field name but can be specified in the struct field's tag value. Jan 25, 2024 · By dealing with the JSON format directly. so your ID field need to be change . Printf("%+v", yourProject) From the fmt package: when printing structs, the plus flag ( %+v) adds field names. Note that since slices (eg: []string) are 7. Name string. Field tags are part of the struct's field definition and allow nice and easy way to May 18, 2019 · Just to clarify why the solution above works: slice1 is declared, but not defined. Name: "john" , Age: 10 , c. Time{}) The output is: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC. "fmt". type User struct {. slice2 := []string May 8, 2023 · By default, Go uses struct field names as JSON keys. Jun 23, 2022 · Some fields must be exported from structs so that other packages can correctly interact with the type. . And then after the unmarshalling is done, we can just cast tmp to Data because after all Data and _Data are really the same type. var slice1 []string // nil slice value. This might include a TodoList struct with a ticket field, referring to a separate Todo struct. Here is an example where FirstName and LastName are cherry-picked and MiddleName is ignored from the json string: Feb 27, 2016 · Same as the previous answer, use encoding/json package to Unmarshal data. Content json. Mar 28, 2022 · Similar to how the json. You can also encode JSON from a struct, as shown in the following example code. In go, a value's default value is its zero value. com Apr 3, 2024 · The mapping between JSON and Go values is described in the documentation for the Marshal and Unmarshal functions. ) type MyJsonName struct {. Zero value of the string type is the empty string "". Jan 27, 2019 · I was able to find another post. Null} answered Jun 20, 2023 at 6:42. Marshal function that allows us to generate the JSON encoding of any value, assuming that type has an encoder implemented. Its job is to unmarshal that json. Pointer types. I learnt a lot today. Structs are marshaled even if all their fields hold the zero values. Using a wrapping struct will require you to access the time. If I do. We also can use a map[string]interface{} instead of a struct in this case. You have at least three options: Create a separate set of struct types to represent the data in the format provided by the JSON. The Go structure can be arbitrarily complex, containing slices, other structs, etc. @Soullivaneuh The encoding/json package doesn't provide the option the set the default letter-case. Zero value for pointers is nil: type Values struct {. Objects = make([]MyStruct, 0) Then, in order to add to your array safely, you're better off instantiating an Apr 30, 2017 · 1. If a struct is only meant to be used once, then it makes sense to declare it in such a way that developers down the road won’t be tempted to use it again: defer req. Each exported struct field becomes a member of the object unless. Each json-object might contain multiple key/value pairs. . For example −. import (. 例如,考虑以下结构体类型-. Oct 9, 2017 · and then json. Dec 15, 2021 · set default values for a struct being Unmarshaled from json. json which we will use in this example: We can use the json package to parse JSON data from a file into a struct. FirstValue string. org/doc/articles/json_and_go. easyjson aims to keep generated Go code simple enough so that The second struct is completely empty. This is my manual attempt: import (. Example JSON: Oct 15, 2019 · If envconfig can't find an environment variable value for MYAPP_DEFAULTVAR, it will populate it with "foobar" as a default value. type Person struct { Name string ` default:"John Doe" `. Name string `json:"name"` Age uint `json:"address"`. – mkopriva. Jack. For strings, it checks that the string length is greater than that number of characters. to_dict(**opts)). Dec 21, 2016 · 1. We will learn how to convert from JSON raw data (strings or bytes) into Go types like structs, arrays, and slices, as well as unstructured data like maps and empty interfaces. SomeValue bool `json:some_value,omitempty`. In your example user. Marshal(&T{Foo: 42}) will result in Apr 20, 2022 · Overview. 为了分配默认值,我们可以定义一个构造函数 Oct 12, 2020 · Moreover, you can't define default values for struct fields. We also looked at the types we defined these methods on. Unmarshaler interface — this will make the JSON decoder call that method when unmarshaling to the value of that type. Jul 16, 2021 · So i need if the Amount value is 99 it should export 99. It helps write application easily that interacts with an API. Time , it will work ( nil pointers are treated as "empty" for json marshaling/unmarshaling). For d, f, and g you need to first access their parents just like you would access a and b. If you can make Object. Serialization and Deserialization: One of the most common uses of tags is to aid in the serialization and deserialization of data. Related questions. I've trawled through several StackOverflow articles and Jun 28, 2015 · They explain about making zero-value structs a useful default. Package easyjson provides a fast and easy way to marshal/unmarshal Go structs to/from JSON without the use of reflection. Marshal. First. This struct might have a number field and an issues field. One way is to leave the Developer. Unmarshal(input, &structs) Aug 5, 2021 · In many cases there is no need to distinguish between a default value, or the value being explicitly set to zero. This is a "valid" value, so it is not treated as "empty". If you need to store the null value, use a pointer to string. Unmarshaling your config file into a struct would preserve nil values for the keys that are missing / have null values. Amount float64 `json:"amount"`. Zero-values and nil pointers are considered empty, and this can feel counterintuitive sometimes. Greater Than : For numbers, this will ensure that the value is greater than the parameter given. Marshal function can use struct values to generate JSON data, the json. When serialized, it will return []. Last edited on Oct 23, 2021 by Dave Stearns. Dec 25, 2022 · Example 3: Parsing JSON string to a map instead of a struct. String *string. Unmarshaler interface and the implementation would correctly unmarshal the different input. Oct 3, 2017 · 6. However, the nature of these fields may be sensitive, so in these circumstances, we would like the JSON encoder to ignore the field entirely—even when it is set. Otherwise, you could use a pointer, or another field as a presence flag. Jul 8, 2022 · Utilize omitempty along with oneof to make the validator library ignore empty or unset values. For slices, arrays and maps it validates the number of items. answered Apr 30, 2017 at 13:05. ) type Device struct {. Method of assigning a custom default value can be achieve by using constructor function. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles May 23, 2020 · For (1), Go's json package will assign values only to fields found in the JSON; other fields will just keep their Go zero values. 498 3 10. Vars["a"] and msg. the field's tag is "-", or; the field is empty and its tag specifies the "omitempty" option. The quick fix would be to use interface{}, and then to handle the value you'd use a type assertion. From the section on composite literals: The fields of a composite literal are laid out in order and must all be present. Println(time. *o = operation(*xo) return nil. 在 golang 當中,如果在初始化時沒有賦值,就會使用 zero value 。. name field is just a string - the reflect package will have no way of correlating that back to the original struct. To check for missing fields, you will have to use pointers in order to distinguish between missing/null and zero values: type JsonStruct struct {. It equals to an empty slice, not nil. Unmarshal function can use struct values to read JSON data. Unmarshal(data, &m) Aug 16, 2016 · Your structure is a bit off. ProjectRef field nil, and remove the omitempty attribute. go/ast, go/types can help you with this. json. For unknown json data with dynamic keys Interfaces are best which will help you to store any type of data. Sep 18, 2015 · There is a "zero" value for structs, but that is a struct value where all fields have their zero values. Example: Rules []Rule `json:"rules" db:"rules" validate:"gt=2"`. By leveraging json. val := reflect. var variable type1. } We can see that there is a lot of flexibility in using JSON with Go. For example, if the JSON didn't have the level field at all, the Options struct unmarshaled from it would have 0 for Level. All fields are left out due to their values thanks to the omitempty annotation. Nov 17, 2021 · Go encodes map data structures to JSON key-value objects. So, it can be initialized using its name. /* set default values for a struct being Unmarshaled from json */ package main import ( Tagged with go. Eg. Body. slice2 is declared and defined. Refer : gormDefaultValue when you not give the value. 2. Tags can only be used for string values only and can be implemented by using single quotes (”). The "json" key in the struct field's tag value is the key name, followed by an optional comma and options. Thus, for the following print statement: fmt. Tag. A struct field may be primitive type (string, int, bool etc) or even an another struct type. Dynamically sets default values by defaults. Jun 3, 2017 · 1218. 000000000 UTC. Since you want to have only the values of the maps, here is a complete example where Added is a function that can be called on the ExampleStruct. Println(data) EDIT. Type (and your other fields) have a default of zero, then Go struct literals already give you exactly the feature you're requesting. import ( "fmt" "encoding/json" ) type Book struct { Title string Author string Year int } Oct 17, 2023 · Constructor functions are a great way to encapsulate the logic for creating a struct with default values. EDIT: possible string values: "\x00" or an invalid UTF-8 sequence. Text = text something. Aug 9, 2020 · 2. Close() decoder := json. The set of packages under go/, e. LastName interface{} `json:"last_name"`. Jun 22, 2020 · Example 1: Output: Another way of assigning default values to structs is by using tags. BindJSON ( ¶ms) And from this issue I got to know anonymous struct. Now we will see the anonymous structs. And some fields should be either in dict or not. NewReader([]byte(code))). 1. and the decoder will properly decode nested maps and so on into the proper structures Apr 21, 2020 · Anonymous structs are great for unmarshalling JSON data in HTTP handlers. Instead of creating a struct directly, the Info function can be used to create an Employee struct with a custom default value for the Name and Age field. There is no tag in the encoding/json package that sets a field to "required". Id int `json:"id" gorm:"default:1"`. type Option struct { a bool aProvided bool } func processOption(option *Option) { if !option. The best you could do to avoid writing the tags by hand is to write a program that manipulates the source code and generates the tags for you. a = true } } 86. opts goes from web request. So sometimes we don't want a struct's field to go in json data (may to database insertion or in external api call) if they are empty. Jan 2, 2022 · res := r. We will see how we create and use them. See "JSON and Go" for an introduction to this package: https://golang. xo := &xoperation{Width: 500, Height: 500} if err := json. Mar 2, 2021 · I'm trying to find some way to have a struct with pointer fields that have default values (the values in the struct prior to unmarshaling), and that can't be overridden with nulls. , type Enum string. type Food struct {} // Food is the name. Reflection: Go's reflection package allows programs to inspect and modify the Aug 1, 2017 · Just set the default value when initializing the struct. The proper way to do this would be to declare a custom type that implements the json. if err := json. This issue tracker isn't used that way. Unmarshaler interface. We can also assign default values for specific fields of the struct by defining the default value for that field in the struct type declaration. By knowing what type of value, I can then proceed to JSON unmarshal the value into the correct type of struct. If you want to output a 0, you better work with something like *int64, if you really want to use omitempty. Aug 12, 2018 · Go for map[string]interface{} to store the nodes data. If this behavior is undesirable, check out the next section. Jan 1, 2024 · Here is my sample data. That way it will be marshaled into the JSON null value: type Developer struct {. Specifically, I need it to be a field that is a pointer, and can have either the default pre-unmarshaling value, or a valid value from the JSON, but never nil. dec := json. So if the default value you want is literally 0, you already get that for free. See full list on golinuxcloud. var f float64. // prints empty line if there is no json tag for the field. Aug 16, 2021 · Use a custom unmarshaler, which converts from a float to an int type for you. It parses arbitrary JSONs without the need for creating structs or maps matching the JSON schema. return err. It's easy enough to write such struct types by hand, but tools exist that make this easier. Here are some examples of use cases. This is done using the special value -as the value argument to a json: struct tag. "encoding/json". All three are demonstrated here: "fmt". This works as uninitialized values are equal to nil and they are easy to catch. For a and b you can do msg. prop2 int // default value: 0. , *SampleStruct, *int. One possible idea is to write separate constructor function // Something is the structure we work with type Something struct { Text string DefaultText string } // NewSomething create new instance of Something func NewSomething(text string) Something { something := Something{} something. package main. Type string `json:"type"`. How can I make this program so that the cfg's value of foo is bar unless I set the APP_FOO environment variable? Jan 1, 2020 · A named struct is any struct whose name has been declared before. 56 JSON golang boolean omitempty. type User struct { Name string `validate:"required"` Gender string `validate:"required,oneof=MALE FEMALE"` Tier *uint8 `validate:"required,eq=0|eq=1|eq=2|eq=3"` MobileNumber string `validate:"required"` Email string Address *Address `validate:"required"` Children []Child `validate:"required,dive Jun 22, 2020 · There are two ways to do it. I'm trying to unmarshall JSON into a struct, but it's proving difficult because the outer JSON key changes and I only started go a week ago. E. Marshaler interface is being implemented by implementing MarshalJSON method, which means the type is known at the time of coding, in this case MyUser. DefaultText = "default text" return something } Apr 19, 2023 · If the caller of the function does not provide a value for any of the fields, the default values will be used. For arrays of structs, this needs to be done with make. Unmarshal function to parse the JSON data from a file into an instance of that struct. According to Office Guideline gorm:"default:'galeone'" is your field default value. You'll prob get more help via golang-nuts for Q's like this. Nov 25, 2011 · The empty values are false, 0, any nil pointer or interface value, and any array, slice, map, or string of length zero. Alternatively, a new struct can be generated based on the one that comes from unmarshalling. Example: func NewConfig() Config { return Config {. In other words, you can cherry-pick your fields. for example. Preserves non-initial values from being reset with a default value. In this case, the json:"gateway" is used by the json package to encode the value of Gateway into the key gateway in the corresponding json object. Oct 10, 2015 · We can set default values on tmp using the trick that you already linked to. : type T struct { Foo int } Because it is imported, all available (exported) fields in the struct begins with an upper case letter. SubscriptionGroupDates, specifically, is a map of string to a structure, and the structure itself is either a map of strings to ints, or a static structure with two int fields. Structs in Golang represent one of the most common variable types and used practically everywhere, from dealing with configuration options to marshaling of JSON or XML documents using encoding/json or encoding/xml packages. So a default 0 int value won‘t output to JSON unless we tag the field with json:"myField,omitempty" . Time via a field, but won’t require any type conversions. This means a completely type-safe mapping from the JSON object to a Go struct. Unmarshal(p, &f); err != nil {. Then after, to add a new key value pair, you can define a new struct with the key and its data type. Unmarshal. In performance tests, easyjson outperforms the standard encoding/json package by a factor of 4-5x, and other JSON encoding packages by a factor of 2-3x. Aug 9, 2020 · This receiver function named UnmarshalJSON takes a pointer to an A object, plus some sort of valid json input. But we need to define the struct that matches the structure of JSON. If I set the value to false in the library, omitempty says that a false value is an empty value so the Mar 2, 2016 · 5. Since empty string is the zero/default value for Go string, I decided to define all such fields as interface{} instead. Jul 17, 2015 · type Struct struct { Value string `json:"value"` Value1 string `json:"value_one"` Nest Nested `json:"nest"` } type Nested struct { Something string `json:"something"` } I want to add elements which are not in the structs definitions without creating another struct type. Marshal, Struct values encode as JSON objects. type typedObject struct {. Name string `json:"name,omitempty"`. I created a playground example with modifications to the JSON to make it runnable. But I wish to have lower case key names: out, err := json. 4. because your default value is string but the field is int. Field(i). Package mapstructure exposes functionality to convert one arbitrary Go type into another, typically to convert a map [string]interface {} into a native Go structure. and I don't set the value through the library, the value will be set to true. Unmarshal(b, xo); err != nil {. But if you don't want to specify the structure, you could use map [string]interface/bson. Get("json")) } May 8, 2019 · Using pointers with boolean values. JSONB to init a "null" value: pgtype. In that method, you can use a helper type. m := make(map[string]interface{}) err := json. Example: The json. You may want to make all of your types pointers (eg: *string rather than string) since the zero value of a pointer is nil. // UnmarshalJSON is the implementation of the json. package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" ) type StatusType struct { Id string `json:"message_id,omitempty"` Status map[string]interface Mar 2, 2023 · Go で JSON を扱うとき、Elasticsearch の update api に渡す JSON のような null と undefined をだし分けられるデータ構造や、それに対応する JSON marshaller が Go には std ではなく、軽く探したところ見つからなかったので、興味本位で作ってみました。. prop1: prop1, prop2: someDefaultValue, But also note that all values in Go automatically default to their zero value. Type(). Amount myCustomType `json:"amount"`. See the example code below. The zero value for an int is already 0. func Compact (dst *bytes. Timeout: 30, // default value for Timeout. Apr 1, 2020 · You could initialize var user with values that cannot appear in the input. 00 every time it is returning 99. Dec 6, 2021 · I use gorm and postgresql, this is model type Board struct { Id uint `gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement;unique" json:"id"` Owner uint `json:"owner"` Name Jul 28, 2012 · I wish to use the "encoding/json" package to marshal a struct declared in one of the imported packages of my application. 成果物はこちら Jul 16, 2016 · Custom struct field tags in Golang. Setter interface. Address string } 在这个结构体中,没有为任何字段赋默认值。. e. RawMessage `json:"content"`. Apr 19, 2021 · 5. Body) err := dec. You don't need to pass in the whole struct, but passing in the value of one of the fields is not sufficient. One of the key scenarios for the Go language was building web servers, and since data on the web is typically transmitted in the JSON format, Go has excellent support for JSON. AvnishSingh. MiddleName interface{} `json:"middle_name"`. Buffer, src []byte) error. Fatal(err) fmt. Unmarshal method will unmarshal to a struct that does not contain all the fields in the original JSON object. Example 2: Output: A Computer Science portal for geeks. I just simply retrieving data from DB and exporting like json marshal the dynamic product struct. Golang 當中的預設值以及 zero value. Nov 1, 2017 · to make your type satisfy the encoding/json. They come in very handy. "strconv". } The reason your program panics is because you're trying to access an area in memory (an item in your Object s array) that hasn't been allocated yet. Dec 31, 2021 · 2. NumField(); i++ {. if string(k) == "nested" {. NewDecoder(req. g. To get around this I created a default array if the return gives me a [{1 NONE}] For example: Apr 14, 2014 · Invoking an empty time. Write an unmarshal function to set the default values: type xoperation operation. Oct 23, 2021 · How to encode structs into JSON and decode JSON into structs. Vars["b"] respectively to access those values. My problem is, that not all the fields are filled, when I create an object of that struct the sting are zero valued to "", so then when I try to register that in the database it gives me Jan 7, 2020 · 3. Mar 2, 2017 · In the question, the json. But by simply changing it to a pointer: *time. Nov 29, 2016 · Then you can use StructTag 's Get or Lookup methods to get the json tag: Using Get: func (b example) PrintFields() {. NewDecoder(bytes. However, it will require to dereference pointers when using config struct, which is not very convenient. Apr 19, 2021 at 3:01. Name string `json:"Name"`. Hi Snow, I tried your way but it can only work with field missing. JSON tags are added within backticks after the field type in the struct definition. To print the name of the fields in a struct: fmt. May 30, 2018 · From godoc for package json. Unmarshall(data, &variable) // to add a new Sep 11, 2023 · A Complete Guide to JSON in Golang (With Examples) In this post, we will learn how to work with JSON in Go, in the simplest way possible. aProvided option. For example Dec 27, 2023 · By default Go‘s JSON encoder will omit zero values in structs. Use the below to convert the json to struct in golang: Json-goStruct. 4 Default value golang struct using `encoding/json` ? Feb 24, 2022 · 2. When serialized, it will return null. return abc{. Added []map[string]string `json:"add"`. That supposes you have an instance of Project (in ' yourProject ') The article JSON and Go will give more details on how to retrieve the values from a JSON struct. Time type will likely lead to many type conversions. ValueOf(b) for i := 0; i < val. Jun 6, 2015 · You can add extra meta information to Go structs in the form of tags. Anonymous struct. For example, here's the struct generated by JSON-to-Go: Mar 26, 2022 · What I actually get after unmarshal the json in code with a 0 value response is: [{1 NONE}] I actually need the Key names with the 0 values because I'm writing this out to a file eventually to be consumed by another system. Password string `json:"-"`. Example (CustomMarshalJSON) Example (TextMarshalJSON) Index. This data will always be wrapped in an object with key/value pairs. Jan 5, 2015 · The value of name and value can change based on the user and the struct I am using is like: type xAxis struct { Name string, Value string } I want my json to look like this: Feb 3, 2017 · import "encoding/json" type JSONData struct { Values []float64 `json:"Values"` Dates []string `json:"Dates"` } I don't think there is a good way to do this dynamically, since golang has no way of matching up the database column name and the output'd json Also as a side note I usually write the db querying code by sending the type directly to Dec 30, 2016 · I figured it out, I think. (*http. Is any solution to don't make different structs only for json response? Or add optional to MarshalJSON() Assign Default Value for Struct Field. Nov 24, 2015 · Objects []MyStruct. The encoding/json package exposes a json. 這時因為 Aug 5, 2016 · 1. Body) newCar := struct {. Using a custom time. Unmarshal ( data, inner ); err != nil {. fmt. Println(val. qh pb bb ji lx at ae rv xn wg